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This Week in USBP History, Vol. 53

9/4/2022

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September 4 - September 10

Good morning!
 
Welcome to another This Week in USBP History!  
 
Before I jump into this week's intro, let me acknowledge that This Week in USBP History celebrates its first anniversary on September 6.  The first email I sent was unsolicited to three HQ GS-15s.  Today, there are 224 recipients and each one a subscriber.  Thank you for reading!  
 
Now to the intro...
 
What is the Border Patrol's culture and how did it originate?
 
Admittedly, what I am about to write will provide only the barest framework of an answer and would best be covered in detail in a book (what do you think Joe, maybe Volume IV?). So, it's not going to provide a complete answer but hope to entertain and stimulate thought.
 
As you read the following, remember that an organization's culture is defined by its leadership but lives in its workforce. If leadership fails to define culture, it will meander and undesirable characteristics may emerge.

When I think of the beginnings of the Patrol's culture, the first thing that comes to my mind is the January 1986 interview of Wesley Stiles (1898-1987).  Wesley was one of the earliest Patrol Inspectors (PI) having entered on duty July 28, 1924 in Del Rio, Texas. Concerning performing the job of a PI, Wesley said, "No one knew what we were supposed to do or how we were supposed to do it... So we just walked around and looked wise."
 
I jokingly tell people that not much has changed in 98 years, and that would be a great quote for a signature block. But, on a serious note, it lays a cultural foundation that is still part of the Patrol today. In the absence of guidance, the Patrol and its employees will show initiative by stepping forward, making it up, and doing what they think is right.
 
Along the lines of Wesley, I think of Jeff Milton (1861-1947).  As per documents that supported his retirement in 1932, he was neither a Border Patrol Inspector nor a member of the Border Patrol.  He was a well-known law enforcement officer in the El Paso District, which encompasses modern day Tucson, El Paso and Big Bend Sectors.  It is thought that the leaders of the newly formed Border Patrol used Jeff Milton's rugged independence as an example for new inspectors to follow which may have led to him mistakenly being considered the first Border Patrol Inspector. ​
 
Jeff's rugged independence provided an example of confidence and bravery, individual and organizationally, to make decisions and charge forward.  Not to mention that he was a tough-as-nails gunfighter in his younger years.

Concerning the Patrol's motto, Honor First, I have to wonder if it was created to guide the Patrol and its PI's, so that their rugged independence wouldn't run amok, providing a higher purpose and authority.  Unfortunately, today the Patrol continues to miss the cultural opportunity to define Honor First. However, Chief of the Border Patrol Rodney Scott had a vision to create an op-ed and Live Honor First was the result. The paper was disseminated via email but without any follow-up to the workforce.  
 
The Patrol's values are codified in its awards system, the USBP Honorary Awards.  The system is designed to recognize administrative excellence, heroism and valor, law enforcement actions, lifesavings efforts, and service.  If you're curious about an organization's values, look no further than why and how they recognize their employees.
 
My experience and observations, have led me to say, "The Patrol's greatest strength is also its greatest weakness.  It is the Patrol's fearlessness to confidently step outside of its assigned lane to do what it perceives to be right."  To me, that statement embodies the sentiments of Stiles, Milton and Honor First.  Further, far more often that not, the Patrol and its employees achieve greatness when stepping outside of its lane due to the caliber and competence of the workforce.
 
Wrapping up this intro, I remember one of my peers at HQ telling me that the Border Patrol, individually and organizationally, is a great partner, supportive and steadfast...  But only as long as the Patrol's goal is shared by the other.  If the other individual or organization does not share the Patrol's goal, the Patrol will still pursue its goal by going around, over, under or through any obstacle. 
 
I present that the incredible competence of the workforce coupled with the following provides a great foundation for describing the Patrol's culture:
  • Stiles' stepping forward in the absence of guidance,
  • Milton's rugged independence,
  • Tempered by the higher authority of Honor First,
  • Organizational values, codified in the USBP Honorary Awards,
  • Fearlessly stepping outside of lanes to do perceived right, and
  • Steadfastly pursuing goals.
 
I'm sure there's much more I could have added.  I hope you enjoyed the intro and it got you thinking...

Now to this week's email!
 
We have tons of documents, 
 
We celebrate the heroism of five Newton-Azrak Award recipients on the anniversaries of their action.
 
We also remember three of our fallen on the anniversaries of their deaths.
 
Have a great week!
 
Cliff
PS - 
  • As an open and continuous invitation to current and former USBP employees, I am always accepting photos to post in the USBP Photo Galleries and in the Upholding Honor First pages.  I sure would appreciate you visiting those pages and sending me anything that you think I could post (just attach them to a reply to this email).
  • As always, make sure to explore all of the hyperlinks to documents and pages.
  • Finally, please forward this blog to whomever you think may enjoy it.

Esprit de Corps
 
The workplace climate resulting from a combination of organizational pride and employee morale.
  • Organizational pride is the positive feeling experienced by employees from being part of a meaningful team that is rich in history, tradition and culture.
  • Employee morale is the feeling experienced by employee based in part on their perception of:
    • Being valued by the organization,
    • Fairly compensated, and
    • Performing meaningful work.
 
Esprit de corps is reinforced through the shared goals, mission and values of the organization and its employees.

The definition turns Esprit de Corps into a simple formula and defines parts that comprise organizational pride and employee morale.

Esprit de Corps = Organizational Pride + Employee Morale

Esprit de Corps is the key to a healthy organization and engaged employees.

​Honor First is foundational to the Border Patrol's organizational pride and integral to its Esprit de Corps.

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Documents/Events

1918
  • Two documents from 1918 have been found where the Commissioner-General responded to a request concerning staffing levels along the Mexican border.  The document from September 3, 1918 shows authorized numbers and the document from September 4, 1918 shows actual numbers. The documents specify that there were 68 Mounted Watchmen employed but 84 authorized.  Mounted Watchmen were also known as Mounted Guards and Mounted Patrol.  It is unknown and unverified where the "maximum strength of 75 watchmen" quote originated.  The September 3rd document is the best evidence yet located that indicates the maximum strength of the mounted force (68 Watchmen).
    • The September 3rd document
    • The September 4th document ​
1927
  • On September 4, 1927, Rouses Point Chief Patrol Inspector L. Antonio Bonazzi (1890-1950) wrote a memo to the Montreal District Commissioner of Immigration which contained recommendations for four of the sub-district's stations and the creation of an additional station.
1929
  • On September 10, 1929, Inspectors of the Big Bend Sub-district authored and signed a testimonial memorializing their friend and coworker, Senior Patrol Inspector Myles J. Scannell who had been killed the day before.
  • The “war on the border” took an even uglier turn on September 9, 1929, with the brutal murder of Marfa Assistant Chief Inspector Myles J. Scannell, whose mutilated body was found on the north bank of the Rio Grande River at Polvo, Texas, fifteen miles east of Presidio. The El Paso Herald called it an assassination “so wantonly cruel” that it brought up the old days of Indian warfare with its display of “savage, anger and bloodlust.” The El PasoTimes described the horrific injuries inflicted by his attackers, including “being shot five times, stabbed 15 times, his skull being crushed and his neck broken by a club, and having his throat cut from ear to ear."
    • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume I by Joseph Banco
1930
  • On a September 8, 1930, a gunfight occurred in El Paso between three Border Patrol Inspectors and smugglers at the foot of Grama Street.  No injuries were reported in this 8 page document.  It should be noted that the modern location where Grama St. meets East Paisano Drive, Paison Drive is approximately historic location of the United States and Cordova Island (Mexico).  The following Inspectors were involved in the shooting:
    • Patrol Inspector Richard A. Bush - He would leave the Patrol to become a motorcycle officer with the El Paso Police Department in 1935.
    • Patrol Inspector Jack Clayton (1905-1968) - By 1937, he left the Patrol to be in the U.S. Customs Patrol.
    • Patrol Inspector John Colbert (1894-1969)
1931
  • September 10, 1931, the second BP Uniform Policy, General Order 179 (GO179), was implemented.  Much of the amendments the BP's first Uniform Policy, GO42 were incorporated.  One point of interest in GO179 was that the Sam Brown belt colors were different for the northern border (black) and the southern border (cordovan).
    • Like GO42, GO179 would also have many amendments (1932-1935) to the original policy:
      • 1932 - Double breasted coat authorized
      • 1934 – Trousers begin to be authorized over riding crops on the southern border.
      • 1935 – Double breasted leather coat authorized
1954
  • On September 9, 1954, as per this report, the SS Emancipacion departed Port Isabel, Texas en route to Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico with 800 Mexican citizens aboard.  The report details the trip including that two of the aliens were lost at sea.
    • A special thanks to Joe Banco for providing the report.
1961
  • Border Patrolman "Leonard Gilman (1918-2012) would later testify before the Senate Aviation Committee about the hijacking. His testimony helped ensure the passage of Public Law 87-197 on September 5, 1961, making airplane hijacking defined as aircraft piracy under 49 U.S.C. § 1472 (i) and punishable by death or not less than 20 years confinement."
    • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume II by Joseph Banco
  • On September 6, 1961, a meeting was held between the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Federal Aviation Agency, and Department of Justice on the future of Operation Skyguard. It was decided, due to other commitments required of the U.S. Border Patrol, that effective September 10, 1961, Border Patrol Inspectors would be utilized on a request basis and that primary and administrative duties for the program would transfer to the Federal Aviation Agency. During Operation Skyguard, 718 Patrol Inspectors flew on 1,310 commercial flights and covered a distance of 1,724,396 miles.
    • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume II by Joseph Banco
1962
  • On September 7, 1962, Assistant Deputy Attorney General William Geoghegan (1925-2015) held a meeting in his office at the Department of Justice to discuss government intervention at Ole Miss to ensure the admission of James Meredith (1933- ). The meeting was attended by representatives of the DOJ, U.S. Marshals Service, INS Assistant Commissioner James Greene (1915-1995), and Chief of the Border Patrol Donald Coppock (1910-2011). During the meeting, plans were drawn out for the deployment of over 500 federal law enforcement officers, including more than 300 Border Patrol Inspectors, to be staged from the Millington Naval Air Base, in Memphis, Tennessee, with orders to deploy to Oxford, MS, to protect James Meredith and facilitate his enrollment at the University of Mississippi.
    • ​​From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume II by Joseph Banco
1963
  • From September 9 - 13, 1963, Border Patrol Inspector were sent to the University of Alabama to assist the U.S. Marshals in allowing Vivian Malone (1942-2005) and James Hood (1942-2013​) to become the first black students to register at the university.
    • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume II by Joseph Banco
2001
  • On September 5, 2001, the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry finalized the spec sheet​ for the U.S. Border Patrol Chaplain's Device.



​


Newton-Azrak Award Action Anniversaries

​Follow this link to see examples of USBP employees Upholding Honor First.
  • An organization’s values are codified in its awards system. Recognizing the achievements, service and heroism of employees is important.  It is critical for those in positions of leadership to value the workforce.  Awards are a fundamental manner for leaders to demonstrate appreciation to the workforce for upholding the organizational values. – U.S. Border Patrol Honorary Awards
1996

Richard B. Holmes 
   
Border Patrol Agent
McAllen Sector

Joseph E. Kempa
Border Patrol Agent
McAllen Sector

Michael W. Richardson
Border Patrol Agent
McAllen Sector

Andrew W. Schutt
Border Patrol Agent
McAllen Sector

Austin L. Skero II - photo
Border Patrol Agent
McAllen Sector

On September 10, 1996, agents from the Brownsville Station came under hostile fire while in performance of their assigned duties.  During the encounter, Agent Rodelfo Martinez was wounded on the right arm.  His fellow agents, Michael W. Richardson, Joseph E. Kempa, Andrew W. Schutt, Austin L. Skero II, and Richard B. Holmes, were performing line watch duties in an area along the Rio Grande River, approximately seven miles east of the Gateway International Port of Entry at Brownsville, Texas.  The agents were working an area notorious for illegal alien and narcotics smuggling.  
 
The immediate actions of the agents involved in the fire fight resulted in saving Agent Martinez’s life and not allowing themselves to succumb to the hostilities brought against them during the exchange of gunfire.  These agents performed heroic and human acts during an emergency while under extreme stress and displayed exemplary courage under fire.
 
Agents Skero and Holmes were directly in line with the assailants, and Agents Kempa and Martinez and were initially pinned down by gunfire directed at Agents Kempa and Martinez.  Bullets were landing all around them in their semi-covered position; however, when the assailants directed their gunfire at Agents Richardson and Schutt, Agents Skero and Holmes, without regard for their personal safety, moved to assist Agents Martinez and Kempa.  Agent Holmes took up a position to protect Agents Martinez and Kempa.  He assisted Agent Kempa in administering first aid to Agent Martinez.  Agent Skero continued to engage the assailants who were still firing at Agents Richardson and Schutt.  After the shooting had stopped, Agent Skero returned to assist in administering first aid to Agent Martinez.
 
HonorFirst Note - Agent Rodelfo Martinez would be awarded the USBP Commendation Medal with a "V" device for extraordinary heroism and the USBP Purple Cross for wounds received in the scope of duty.

USBP Fallen

As of May 16, 2022, the U.S. Border Patrol has suffered 152* fallen.
Titles:
  • 3 Mounted Watchmen fell before 1924 and are carried as Border Patrol fallen
  • 48 Border Patrol Inspectors fell between 1924 and 1970
  • 100 Border Patrol Agents have fallen since 1970
  • 1 Enforcement Analysis Specialist
The names that appear below hold a place of honor. They have made the ultimate sacrifice in an effort to fulfill the oath each officer took to protect and defend the United States of America.

The facts regarding each officer are presented without major editing of the "language of the day" found in the reports detailing the circumstances of each event. This is done to provide the reader an association with historical timeframes.

Employees who died in the line of duty due to being exposed to deadly illnesses will not have the cause of death listed.

*With the exception of two of the fallen immediately below, all names are listed (or in the process of being included) on the official Honor Roll of U.S. Border Patrol Fallen and inscribed on the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.  The U.S. Border Patrol should fix these discrepancies. HonorFirst.com honors both of the fallen.
  • Joe R. White - He is recognized as officially fallen by the U.S. Border Patrol but his name is not inscribed on the National Law Enforcement Officer Memorial.
  • John Charles Gigax - He is not recognized as officially fallen by Customs and Border Protection or the U.S. Border Patrol. He is remembered by all except his own agency with his name is inscribed on the:
    • National Law Enforcement Officer Memorial (see this link),
    • Officer Down memorial Page (see this link), and
    • Texas Peace Officer's Memorial (see this link).
1929
 
Myles J.  Scannell
Date of Birth:                      December 19, 1895
Entered on Duty:                September 27, 1921
Title:                                   Senior Patrol Inspector
End of Watch:                    September 9, 1929
 
Details:
Senior Patrol Inspector, Myles J. Scannell, Marfa, Texas, was shot and killed on September 9, 1929, on the banks of the Rio Grande River near Polvo, Texas, southeast of Presidio. Inspector Scannell was working alone and apparently was attempting to arrest several aliens. Signs indicated that, while walking with the individuals he had in custody, Inspector Scannell was shot from ambush by someone else. His body bore two bullet and fifteen stab wounds. There is no information available concerning whether or not the killer or killers were identified or apprehended.
​
Inspector Scannell had entered the Service as a Mounted Watchman in September 1921, at Presidio. He was among the first Patrol Inspectors to be appointed to the Border Patrol in 1924, and became a Senior Patrol Inspector in July 1926.
 
See this 1929 testimonial from his brother officers written the day after his murder. Here is a cleaner version of the document.
 
Survivor benefits - As per this document, his wife received $78.74 per month for her and their child.
 
​Gravesite​
 
 
1941
 
Robert J. Heibler
Date of Birth:                January 28, 1916
Entered on Duty:          April 30, 1941
Title:                             Patrol Inspector
End of Watch:              September 7, 1941
 
Details:
During the evening of September 7, 1941, Patrol Inspectors Robert J. Heibler and Eldon C. Wade were on duty inspecting traffic on U.S. Highway #90 about three miles west of Uvalde, Texas. At approximately 9:00 p.m., one of the road flares used to warn approaching traffic was blown out by the wind, and Patrol Inspector Heibler, while relighting it, was struck by a passing automobile and dragged about 20 feet. The automobile did not stop and Inspector Wade did not pursue it at the time feeling that it was more important that he render first aid to Inspector Heibler. He began artificial respiration. About 15 minutes later, a physician reached the scene of the accident, gave Inspector Heibler an injection of adrenalin, and continued artificial respiration; however, the officer died within a few minutes.
 
Gravesite
 
 
1946
 
Keith Connelly
Date of Birth:                December 11, 1946
Entered on Duty:          June 21, 1971
Title:                             Special Agent (Anti-Smuggling)
End of Watch:               September 6, 1989
 
Details:
On September 6, 1989, at 1:45 a.m., Anti-Smuggling Agent Keith Connelly was shot by alien smugglers in the city of Fresno, California, where he died shortly thereafter. He was working an undercover operation accompanied by his partner, Ted Jordan, who was also shot but survived the ordeal. The Fresno, California Police Department responded to the emergency assistance call and apprehended the suspects who were turned over to the FBI for prosecution.
 
Keith Connelly joined the U.S. Border Patrol in June 21, 1971, in Chula Vista, California, being assigned to the San Clemente Station. He then transferred to Rouses Point, New York, in September 1975, and worked along the Northern Border until reassigned to San Clemente in May 1978. In 1983, he was transferred to Fresno, California, where he became a Senior Border Patrol Agent in December 1986. In August 1988, he was promoted to Special Agent assigned to the Fresno Anti-Smuggling Unit where he served until the time of his death.

Burial Details Unknown​​
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    Clifford Gill

    Blog author, retired U.S. Border Patrol Assistant Chief and, current U.S. Border Patrol employee advocate.

    ​Read more about Cliff here.


    Ray Harris

    Site founder and owner, former Senior Patrol Agent and retired Immigration Special Agent.

    ​Read more about Ray here.


    Joseph Banco

    U.S. Border Patrol historian and retired Deputy Chief Patrol Agent.

    ​Read more about Joe here.


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