Good morning!

Welcome to another This Week in USBP History! ​​​​​

In this week's "This Week in USBP History," we spotlight transformative events and acts of heroism in the U.S. Border Patrol. We start with March 31, 1926, marking Ruel Davenport’s tenure as the first Chief of the Border Patrol, alongside the impactful General Order 61, which revolutionized the Patrol's structure and operations.

This week also commemorates the extraordinary rescue efforts of William T. Veal, Chief Patrol Agent, during a perilous storm on April 1, 1999, and the bravery of Senior Patrol Agent Benjamin Sanford in a life-saving mission on April 2, 2001. We pay tribute to Patrol Inspectors like Joseph P. Riley, remembering their ultimate sacrifices, and salute the groundbreaking appointment of Lynne Underdown as the first female Border Patrol Agent in the Senior Executive Service on April 3, 2005.

As we revisit these key moments, we honor the steadfast commitment and valor of those who have defined the U.S. Border Patrol's legacy. Their stories are a testament to the enduring principles of duty, courage, and honor that continue to guide us.

Enjoy and have a great week!

Cliff
​P.S. - As an open and continuous invitation to current and former USBP employees, I am always accepting photos to post in the USBP Photo Galleries and in the Upholding Honor First pages. I sure would appreciate you visiting those pages and sending me anything that you think I could post (just send them to [email protected]). As always, make sure to explore all of the hyperlinks to the documents and pages. Finally, please forward this blog to whomever you think may enjoy it.

March 31

• On March 31, 1926, Ruel Davenport (1878-1961) authored the earliest known memo signed as the Chief of the Border Patrol.  At the time, the position was called “Supervisor, Border Patrol”.  Davenport was the Chief for the Northern Border and George Harris (1876-1941) was the Chief for the Southern Border.

 
April 1

• On April 1, 1926, General Order 61 came into effect as per this memo.
  • General Order 61 is a foundational and arguably the most influential document in Border Patrol history, for the following reasons:
    • It contains one of the earliest known descriptions of the functions of the Border Patrol (GO 63 expanded on this) - The Border Patrol is an auxiliary branch of the regular Immigration Service.  The Patrol is established primarily to prevent and detect the surreptitious entry of aliens into the United States. It will however, aid in the enforcement of all federal laws designed to safeguard our country against the introduction of contraband. The Patrol will, in general, operate along and in the vicinity of the international and maritime borders of the United States. 
    • It created the hierarchal naming convention of calling a sub-district (modern-day sector) by both a number, and the city in which it was located. This document's concept is believed to have also been used for stations and is the genesis for El Paso Station being called “Station One” and Laredo Sector calling all their stations “Base #” to name two.  See the USBP History page, “Why is the El Paso Station called Station One?” section for more information - Each Patrol district will in turn be appropriately divided into subdistricts numbered consecutively, beginning with No. 1 in each district. 
    • It created an organizational framework that is recognizable today.
      • Supervisors (Border Patrol) – The term “Supervisors” in Border Patrol context refers to what we today call the Chief of the Border Patrol.  This was a non-uniformed position.
      • Officers in charge of districts – This was an extra title added on to the 11 heads of districts that had Border Patrol employees.  They were not Border Patrol employees but were in their chains of command.  Their official titles were either “District Director” or “Commissioner of Immigration”.
      • Assistant Superintendents - who shall be qualified immigrant inspectors – These were the ranking Border Patrol employees in a district.  There was only one per district.  Remember, a district was comprised of multiple sub-districts, modern-day sectors.  They were also the highest-ranking uniformed position in the USBP.
      • Chief Patrol Inspectors - who shall be qualified immigrant inspectors – They led sub-districts and the title is still used today with “Agent” instead of “Inspector.”
      • Senior Patrol Inspectors – This was a supervisory position between the Chief Patrol Inspector and Patrol Inspectors. The position had a one sentence position description (below) until this guidance was issued.  It is also the launching point of the 10-15 positions that exist between the modern-day Border Patrol Agent and Chief Patrol Agent. Senior Patrol Inspectors will perform such duties as may be assigned to them by the respective Chief Patrol Inspectors under whom they serve. 
      • Patrol Inspectors – will be expected to familiarize themselves with all federal statutes designed to prevent the unlawful entry of aliens and introduction of contraband. Law violators apprehended, together with any contraband seized by patrol inspectors, will be turned over to the appropriate law enforcement agencies, and proper receipt therefore, on Form 644, secured when delivery is made to other than immigration officers. They will be charged with the proper use and care of all Government equipment entrusted to them.
      • Clerks, and Motor Mechanics – USBP support personnel have been there since the beginning.
    • It created reports that both one and two patch agents may recognize:
      • The Daily Report – Form 650,
      • Receipts for Persons and Contraband – Form 644. They evolved to become the I-44 in the 1940s,
      • Weekly Reports – Form 643,
      • Monthly Reports.
• On April 1, 1935, Chief of the Border Patrol Willard Kelly (1903-1969) authored one of the earliest documents concerning construction of facilities for the USBP.  The USBP had always utilized existing structures for Border Patrol work.  This document proposed new construction for the first time.
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • William T. Veal
    Chief Patrol Agent
    San Diego Sector
    On the night of April 1, 1999, eastern San Diego County experienced very low temperatures and unexpected snow during a fierce overnight storm, which left many illegal entrant aliens stranded and lost in the rugged mountainous terrain of the area.  Many of these people were in great peril of imminent death and at least seven others had already succumbed.
     
    After ensuring that Sector resources were mobilized to cope with this emergency, Chief Patrol Agent William T. Veal, in the early morning hours of April 2, responded by flying into service the Border Patrol’s heavy lift UH-1 helicopter.  Joined by the Patrol Agent in Charge of Air Operations, John D. Pool and Deputy Chief Patrol Agent Harold R. Beasley, he flew into very hazardous weather conditions to effect the rescue of stranded and hypothermic aliens.  During this time, Chief Veal rescued eight aliens who were hypothermic and in imminent danger of death.  The attending physician stated to rescue personnel that one of these individuals would have died had he not received medical attention within the hour.  Additionally, by flying through treacherous terrain in deteriorating weather conditions, while fighting low ceilings, clouds, and fog, Chief Veal inserted Border Patrol and San Diego County Search and Rescue teams into accessible areas to search for stranded aliens.  This included making landings in the same rugged terrain, at times with only one tip of a skid touching the ground.
     
    With no regard for his personal safety, Chief Veal continued search and rescue activities until he was assured that no additional aliens were in peril.  He flew a total of 6.9 hours with the only breaks being three brief refueling stops.

 
 
April 2

• On April 2, 1930, a gunfight occurred between Border Patrol Inspectors and alcohol smugglers where smuggler Lorenzo Galindo was fatally shot. This collection of documents describes the brief gunfight where a total of five shots were fired. Inspectors involved in the gunfight:
  • Senior Patrol Inspector Joseph F. Thomas
  • Patrol Inspector Tom P. Isbell (1905-1983), the link includes a photo of him in a USBP uniform.
• On April 2, 1953, Assistant Commissioner (former Chief of the Border Patrol) Willard Kelly wrote a memo the District Director of the San Antonio District concerning, “The need for a fence at Brownsville, Texas to form a barrier against illegal entry or aliens.”  This memo was a cover memo for a 7-page report concerning “the need construction of boundary fence and observation towers in vicinity of Brownsville, Texas-Matamoros, Mexico to control illegal traffic.”  The document is a “condensed report taken from a 29-page report submitted by Patrol Inspector in Charge Snow.”  The first two paragraphs which were written 70 years ago, seem just as applicable today.
  • The illegal traffic across the practically dry Rio Grande River bed within the area encompassed by the city limits of Brownsville, Texas and the neighboring city of Matamoros, Tamps., Mexico has reached such proportions that the construction of a boundary fence seems to be not only necessary and justified but also almost imperative. I know of no other way to cope with the situation. It is already completely beyond the ability of the presently authorized strength of the Brownsville Border Patrol unit to control, and grows worse steadily.
  • The seriousness of this situation lies not only in the fact that such large numbers of aliens are violating our Immigration laws to the point or making a farce or them, but that this disgraceful situation has become a public spectacle with thousands of out of state visitors from all over the nation witnessing and photographing these brazen mass violations of our laws in open daylight.
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Benjamin Sanford
    Senior Patrol Agent
    El Centro Sector
    On April 2, 2001, Senior Patrol Agent Benjamin Sanford was patrolling a stretch of the All American Canal, near Calexico, California, monitoring the border fence for people attempting to enter the country illegally from Mexico. A concerned citizen frantically approached him to report that a car had just plummeted into the canal. Agent Sanford immediately called his colleagues at the Calexico Station for assistance, and then drove to the crash site. When he arrived at the scene, he saw a partially submerged car and a woman flailing in a fight against the swift currents. Realizing he could not wait for help to arrive, and giving little regard to his own well-being, he dove into the water, swam to the woman, and dragged her to shore. His heroic actions saved her from certain death.
    
    

April 3

• On April 3, 1929, El Paso District Director Grover W. Wilmoth (1884-1951) issued a memo concerning the care, condition and operation of motor vehicles.  The El Paso District contained three sub-districts that correspond to modern day Tucson, El Paso, and Big Bend Sectors.
• On April 3, 2005, “Lynne Underdown becomes the first female Border Patrol Agent appointed to the Senior Executive Service, as Chief Patrol Agent of the Rio Grande Valley Sector.”
  • From - HONOR FIRST - United States Border Patrol Centennial Timeline 1924-2024 by Joseph Banco

 
April 4

• On April 4, 1935, the District Director of the Jacksonville wrote a memo concerning the courses of study in two of the district’s three sub-districts.  The Jacksonville memo was in response to a memo written December 22, 1934, by Supervisor (Chief) of the Border Patrol Willard Kelly (1903-1969).  Kelly had requested information concerning the manner in which new Border Patrol Inspectors were trained. Jacksonville stated that they opened courses of study to train Border Patrol Inspectors in the following locations:
  • Tampa Sub-district on February 5, 1935
  • Miami Sub-district on February 19, 1935
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Jason C. Panides
    Date of Birth:                    December 27, 1974
    Entered on Duty:              March 9, 1998
    Title:                                   Border Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                   April 4, 2001
     
    Details:
    On Wednesday, April 4, 2001, at 12:36 a.m., Border Patrol Agent Jason C. Panides was killed after assisting in the apprehension of a group of illegal aliens on Interstate Highway 35, north of Laredo, Texas. Agent Panides was in the southbound lane of the east access road when he was struck by a southbound truck. He was killed instantly.
     
    Agent Panides was a native of Jacksonville, Florida, and was a graduate of the University of Florida with a degree in criminal justice and psychology. He was a graduate of the 368th session of the Border Patrol Academy at Glynco, Georgia. At the time of his death, he was stationed at the Laredo North Border Patrol Station.
    
    ​Gravesite

 
April 5

• On April 5, 1904, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor wrote a letter to Marcus A. Smith (1851-1924) informing Mr. Smith of the appointment of Jeff Milton (1861-1947) as a Chinese Inspector.  The Secretary’s letter was response to a February 23, 1904 letter of recommendation from Mr. Smith.
  • Contrary to Border Patrol lore, documents from Jeff Milton's 1932 retirement indicate that he was neither a Border Patrol Inspector nor a member of the Border Patrol. He was a well-known law enforcement officer in the El Paso District, which encompasses modern day Tucson, El Paso and Big Bend Sectors.  It is thought that the leaders of the newly formed Border Patrol used Jeff Milton's rugged independence as an example for new inspectors to follow.  This led to lore mistakenly identifying him as the first Border Patrol Inspector.​
• On April 5, 1932, the Inspector in Charge of in San Diego, California, Daniel Shepard Kuykendall (1881-1945), wrote a multipage memo addressing the enforcement cooperation between the U.S. Customs Service and the Immigration Service.  He also disagreed with a suggestion that the merging of the two organizations could result in efficiencies through the reduction of manpower.  The last paragraph in the memo references the “Border Patrol” idea of future Chief and Father of the Border Patrol Frank Berkshire (1870-1934) which would be realized about two years after this letter.  

 
April 6

• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Joseph P. Riley
    Date of Birth:                     October 23, 1894                                                     
    Entered on Duty:               October 8, 1924
    Title:                                    Patrol Inspector
    End of Watch:                    April 6, 1925
    
    Details:
    During the evening of April 4, 1925, Patrol Inspectors William A. Blundell and Joseph P. Riley were patrolling in a government-owned car about 1 1/2 miles from Eureka, Montana, when the tie rod broke, causing the automobile to leave the roadway. The vehicle continued over a high bank and then into a ditch and turned over, pinning Inspector Riley under the steering wheel. Patrol Inspector Blundell was not seriously injured.
     
    Patrol Inspector Riley sustained a fractured cervical vertebra and a spinal cord injury. He was conveyed to the Eureka Hospital, which was nearest the scene of the accident. The attending physician advised that Inspector Riley's condition was so serious that facilities were not available for providing proper attention at Eureka and he recommended moving the patient to Spokane, Washington. On April 5, Inspector Riley was transported by train to Spokane, Washington, where he was placed in the Sacred Heart Hospital. He succumbed at 6:00 a.m. on April 6, 1925, from respiratory paralysis.
    
    Survivor benefits - As per this document, his mother received $20 per month for 8 years
    
    ​Gravesite
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • John K. Crowther
    Border Patrol Agent
    Del Rio Sector
    Border Patrol Agent John K. Crowther was recognized for his courage in attempting to rescue two men from the Rio Grande River.  On the night of April 6, 1993, Agent Crowther was performing river patrol when he spotted three individuals attempting to illegally enter the U.S. at a weir dam located upriver from the Del Rio, Texas International Bridge.  Two of the subjects tried to get away by diving into the water near the dam.  This part of the river, filled with strong currents and dangerous undertows, had caused numerous drowning deaths.  Knowing the danger involved and putting his own life at risk, Agent Crowther entered the water and attempted to rescue the two men.  He managed to grab one of the men and pull him to safety.  Agent Crowther tried to rescue the other man but could not locate him.  Agent Crowther put his own life at risk to save another person from certain death, exhibiting great courage with his act of heroism.
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Marco A. Perez Jr. - photo, award certificate
    Border Patrol Agent
    San Diego, CA
    On April 6, 2021, at approximately 6:58 A.M., beyond the call of duty, Border Patrol Agent Marco Perez put his own life at great personal risk and acted without hesitation to save a woman from certain death as she attempted to end her life.  By leaning over the edge of the 459-foot Pine Valley Bridge and grabbing the suicidal victim that had just let go, Agent Perez placed himself in great personal danger.  Agent Perez's conspicuous lifesaving actions brought great credit upon himself and the U.S. Border Patrol.

Hello to all our esteemed readers,

In this week's edition of "This Week in USBP History," we embark on a historical journey, revisiting key moments that have significantly shaped the U.S. Border Patrol. On March 24, 1926, a pivotal memo led to the transformation of Immigrant Inspectors into Chief Patrol Inspectors, a change initiated by General Order 61. Fast forward to March 25, 1942, we observe the intricate plans involving enemy alien “dependents” and the evolving role of the U.S. Border Patrol in international affairs. Additionally, the March 25, 1978 Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary reminds us of the heroic deeds of Agents Kenneth D. Crockett, Larry M. Herbert, and William A. McIver, who demonstrated extraordinary bravery and commitment.

We also recognize the recipients of the Newton-Azrak Award for their exceptional service. This week, we reflect on the courageous actions of Agents Crockett, Herbert, and McIver, who on March 25, 1978, displayed remarkable valor in a life-threatening situation. Their deeds exemplify the highest standards of the U.S. Border Patrol and inspire us all.

Lastly, we solemnly honor the memory of our fallen heroes. This week marks the anniversaries of the line of duty deaths of Patrol Inspectors Earl A. Roberts (March 24, 1929), Frank Vidmar, Jr. (March 24, 1932), Harry E. Vincent (March 25, 1930), Stephen M. Sullivan (March 27, 1999), Luis A. Santiago (March 28, 1995), Lee L. Bounds (March 29, 1974), and Jarod C. Dittman (March 30, 2008). Their sacrifices are a stark reminder of the risks and responsibilities borne by those who guard our borders. We remember their dedication and the profound impact they left on the U.S. Border Patrol.​
​
Enjoy and have a great week!

​Cliff
P.S. - As an open and continuous invitation to current and former USBP employees, I am always accepting photos to post in the USBP Photo Galleries and in the Upholding Honor First pages. I sure would appreciate you visiting those pages and sending me anything that you think I could post (just send them to [email protected]). As always, make sure to explore all of the hyperlinks to the documents and pages. Finally, please forward this blog to whomever you think may enjoy it.

March 24

• On March 24, 1926, a memo was written to convert Immigrant Inspectors who had been designated to be Patrol Inspectors in Charge to Immigrant Inspectors designated to be Chief Patrol Inspectors.  This change was prompted by the signing of General Order 61 on March 18, 1926. 
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Earl A. Roberts
    Date of Birth:                      August 21, 1894
    Entered on Duty:                 January 21, 1929
    Title:                                    Patrol Inspector
    End of Watch:                     March 24, 1929
    
    Details:
    Patrol Inspector Earl A. Roberts was shot by a liquor smuggler at about 8:00 p.m. Saturday, March 23, 1929, and died from the wound at 5:00 p.m., Sunday, March 24, 1929. The shooting occurred on the St. Clair River, in Algonac, Michigan. Inspector Roberts was working with Patrol Inspector Stanley H. Graham, when they noticed a motorboat towing a small rowboat approaching from the direction of Canada. The officers proceeded along the shore following the course of the boat in an attempt to intercept it when the shore was reached. The officers separated in order to converge on a probable landing point. The motorboat came to the shore, at which time Patrol Inspector Roberts stepped aboard the stern of the boat and identified himself as a federal officer. Patrol Inspector Graham, who was standing on the shore a few feet from the boat, flashed his light on the occupants and observed that an individual known to him as Vet Brown was standing in the center of the boat with a .45 caliber revolver aimed at Inspector Roberts. Inspector Graham instructed Brown to surrender; however, the latter fired, point-blank, at Inspector Roberts and immediately whirled toward Inspector Graham, firing the remaining bullets in that direction. Inspector Graham emptied his gun in returning fire, but none of the shots exchanged hit their mark. A second individual in the boat, later identified as Clayton Smith, had jumped from the boat into the rowboat that was being towed and had cast-off, setting a course for Canada. Smith was a witness to the events and later testified on behalf of the government in the case against Brown.
     
    Survivor benefits - As per this document, his wife received $82.50 per month.
    
    ​Gravesite
• On March 24, 1930, the Commissioner-General wrote a memo that identified the hierarchy, leadership and locations of the USBP on the border with Mexico.  At the time, there were three Districts with the ranking Patrol Inspectors holding the title of Assistant Superintendents.  Chief Patrol Inspectors led sub-districts (sectors).
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Frank Vidmar, Jr.
    Date of Birth:                      September 20, 1901
    Entered on Duty:                 July 6, 1931
    Title:                                    Patrol Inspector
    End of Watch:                     March 24, 1932
    
    Details:
    Patrol Inspectors Frank Vidmar, Jr. and James W. Hudson were performing voluntary extra duty in the vicinity of Lewiston, New York, in an effort to apprehend a known alien smuggler. Since the government vehicle customarily used was known to the smuggler, the personal automobile of Patrol Inspector Vidmar was being used, with Inspector Hudson doing the driving. The smuggler was encountered in his automobile, accompanied by two other persons, at Lewiston Heights during the early morning hours. He disregarded the command of the officers to stop, and increased the speed of his vehicle trying to escape. The officers gave chase pursuing the smuggler's car at 50 miles per hour into the city of Niagara Falls. At a curve in the roadway, the officers' car skidded on the icy pavement and collided broadside with an oncoming trolley car, demolishing the car owned by Patrol Inspector Vidmar, and causing injuries that resulted in his death. Inspector Vidmar died at 4:52 p.m., March 24, 1932, after failing to regain consciousness. He sustained a fractured skull, brain concussion, and a crushed chest. Patrol Inspector Hudson was badly injured but survived.
    
    Survivor benefits - As per this document, his wife received $67.50 per month for her and their child.
    
    Gravesite

 
March 25

• On March 25, 1907, once again Webb had to write a memo to the Commissioner-General concerning Milton.  In this instance, a complaint against Milton had been sent to the President and the Commissioner-General wanted additional information. This document is highly informative and contains notable quotes, as seen below: 
  • Concerning the complainant, Dave Black, Webb writes - I beg to advise that Black is personally known to me; that no credit can be given to the statement made by him, he being a professional saloon loafer, and alleged to be addicted to the morphine habit, and no doubt resorts to illegal means by aiding in the illegal importation of Chinese from Mexico (He being a Chinese mason); yet we have been unable to apprehend him.
  • … (Black) was making threats that he would kill Milton on sight; to which Milton replied that Black was a very foolish man.
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Harry E. Vincent
    Date of Birth:                      October 3, 1895
    Entered on Duty:                February 16, 1926
    Title:                                     Patrol Inspector
    End of Watch:                     March 25, 1930
    
    Details:
    During the evening of March 23, 1930, Senior Patrol Inspector James E. Renshaw and Patrol Inspector Harry E. Vincent were inspecting northbound traffic about one mile north of Oceanside, California. The traffic check operation was being conducted on a temporary roadway where new construction was underway. At 10:00 p.m., an automobile traveling in a southerly direction missed the detour and struck down Officers Renshaw and Vincent. Both officers were knocked unconscious. A bystander, Mr. William Trotter, took charge of the situation.  Mr. Trotter had the officers transported to a clinic in Oceanside. He also sent word to other Patrol Inspectors working nearby in conjunction with the traffic check operation. 
     
    Senior Patrol Inspector Renshaw was not seriously injured but Patrol Inspector Vincent was in serious condition with a fractured skull. The following day preliminary arrangements were made to move Inspector Vincent to the Navy Hospital in San Diego, California, but after consultation by several doctors, it was agreed that there was little chance for recovery and no chance at all, if Inspector Vincent was moved.  Patrol Inspector Vincent passed away at 5:00 a.m., March 25, 1930.
     
    Survivor benefits - As per this document, his wife received $75 for her and their child per month. Upon his wife remarrying, the child received $41.67 per month.
    
    Gravesite
• On March 25, 1942, Secretary of War Henry Stimpson gave assurances to Attorney General Biddle that enemy alien “dependents” would be “interned by you (DOJ) for approximately six months at the expiration of which time the War Department will assume custody and provide facilities for them.”  This never came to fruition, as the situation was overcome by events, including additional enemy aliens being “evacuated” from South and Central America after further negotiations with those countries under what became known as the Montevideo Resolution of May 21, 1943.  The INS and in turn, the U.S. Border Patrol, would be tasked with detaining these enemy aliens and, later, even some Japanese- Americans evacuated from the West Coast as late as 1946.​
  • ​​From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume I by Joseph Banco
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
• Kenneth D. Crockett - ​group photo
  Border Patrol Agent
  Yuma Sector
  Larry M. Herbert
  Investigator
  Yuma, Arizona
  William A. McIver - award documents, photo 1, photo 2
  Border Patrol Agent
  Houlton Sector
  On March 25, 1978 at approximately 6:30 PM, Agent Larry Herbert was near a construction bridge that spans the Andrade and Morales area near Yuma, Arizona.  The water which flows under the bridge is constricted which creates an extremely dangerous and turbulent whirlpool.
  
  As Agent Herbert approached the bridge, he saw three people in a small boat.  The operator of the boat was frantically attempting and failing to start the boat's motor.  Agent Herbert immediately radioed for help. 
  
  Agent Herbert attempted unsuccessfully to reach the people with a tow strap before it was pulled into the turbulent waters where it capsized spilling the occupants into the water.  All of the occupants were having difficulty keeping their heads above water.  Agent Herbert was able to quickly pull two of the victims from the water.  Keeping the third person in sight, he instructed one of the people he had just saved to use his Service vehicle's radio to advise that more help was needed.
  
  Upon seeing that the third victim had been pulled into the whirlpool, Agent Herbert jumped into the water to rescue him.  Becoming exhausted and unable to save the victim, Agent Herbert swam to shore.
  
  As Agent Herbert swam to shore, Agent William McIver and Agent Kenneth Crockett arrived at the scene.  Agent McIver immediately jumped into the water and entered the whirlpool with the victim.  After a tremendous struggle, Agent McIver was able to escape the whirlpool with the victim. 
  
  Having become exhausted, Agent McIver couldn't get himself and the victim out of the water.  Agent Crockett then reached out and was able to pull both Agent McIver and the third victim to shore.

 
March 26

• On March 26, 1926, U.S. Customs Border Patrol Inspector Elton Clark wrote a letter to the Buffalo District Director. Clark had applied to become and was offered a position as a U.S. Immigration Border Patrol Inspector.  Clark declined the position and asked that his name be left in consideration for one year.  None of my records show an “Elton Clark” ever having been an Immigration Border Patrol Inspector.  It appears he ultimately decided not to transition to the role.
• On March 26, 1926, the Commissioner-General sent a memo to the Commissioners of Immigration and the District Directors concerning the newly signed General Order 61 (GO61).  The memo stated that GO61 would not come into effect until April 1.  Therefore, that date is the birth date of the position, Chief of the Border Patrol (then called Supervisor of Border Patrol).
  • Being a veteran of the U.S. Navy, I would be remiss if failed to point out that the two positions share the same birth dates, 
    • Chief Petty Officer – April 1, 1893
    • Chief of the Border Patrol – April 1, 1926
• On March 26, 1932, Second Assistant Secretary (Department of Labor) William W. Husband (1871-1942) wrote a memo to the Secretary concerning the USBP position of Assistant Superintendents.  Husband had been the Commissioner-General 1921-1925, as the USBP was created.  Furthermore, the memo was written in conference with Directors George Harris and Frank Berkshire (1870-1934).
  • George Harris is the only person to have served nonconsecutive terms as “Chief” of the Border Patrol.  During both of his terms, the USBP had northern border and southern border “Chiefs”, 1926-1927 and 1932-1933.
  • Concerning Harris and Berkshire having the titles of “Director”, in 1932 GO61 was superseded with two other General Orders which created the two Border Districts and the position of Supervisor of the Border Patrol was changed to Director, Border Patrol:
    • General Order 183 (GO183)– (January 5, 1932) which created the Director of the Border Patrol for the Mexican Border, Gulf and Florida immigration districts.  The district was headquartered in El Paso and George Harris came back to be the "Chief" for a nonconsecutive term.
    • General Order 184 (GO184) - (January 5, 1932) which created the Director of the Canadian Border District.  The district was headquartered in Detroit and Frank Berkshire, the Father of the Border Patrol, became the third person to be "Chief" of the Border Patrol.
    • The two border district approach was very short-lived, beginning in 1932 and ending in 1933 when GO183 and GO184 were superseded with General Order 203 which reinstated GO61 effective June 1, 1933.

 
March 27

• On March 27, 1930, H.R. 11204 was introduced, “Border Patrol Act, 1930”.  This bill proposed expanding the U.S. Coast Guard to include a border patrol unit, comprising enlisted personnel, warrant officers, and 60 commissioned officers. Once established, the President would be authorized to discontinue both the Customs Border Patrol and the Immigration Border Patrol.  Therefore, this proposed USCG border patrol was not going to absorb the other patrols but was to take their place.
• The U.S. Border Patrol’s first enemy alien transport mission began on March 27, 1942, when Senior Patrol Inspector William McNaulty led a contingent of nine Patrol Inspectors (Paul Baker, William Moore, Jack Thomas, Phillip Karr, John Holcomb, Charles Jordan, Robert McAlliver, John Pilcher, and Stephen Hawkins) from Miami, Florida, to Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, to assist in securing the detained enemy aliens and making preparation for their transport to New Orleans, Louisiana, aboard the Army Transport S.S. Acadia.
  • ​From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume I by Joseph Banco
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Stephen M. Sullivan
    Date of Birth:                    July 6, 1971
    Entered on Duty:              August 4, 1996
    Title:                                  Border Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                   March 27, 1999
     
    Details:
    On Saturday, March 27, 1999, Border Patrol Agent Stephen M. Sullivan was transporting a group of aliens on the Otay Truck Trail when his vehicle overturned and rolled down an embankment. Three of the aliens, who had been thrown from the vehicle, climbed up out of the embankment and approached another Border Patrol Agent, stating that others were still inside the vehicle and had been injured. Four people, including Agent Sullivan, were killed in the accident.
     
    Agent Sullivan began his career with the INS as an Adjudications Officer in Los Angeles. He was hired by the Border Patrol in September 1997. At the time of his death, he was assigned to the El Cajon Station of the San Diego Sector.
    
    ​Gravesite

 
March 28

• Reorganization Plan No. 2, originally submitted to Congress on March 28, 1973, had proposed the merging of Immigration and Customs inspection activities at the ports of entry, with the U.S. Customs Service absorbing the Immigration and Naturalization Service employees and associated budget for the ports of entry.​​
  • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume II by Joseph Banco 
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Luis A. Santiago
    Date of Birth:                   November 9, 1964
    Entered on Duty:              June 6, 1994
    Title:                                 Border Patrol Agent (Trainee)
    End of Watch:                  March 28, 1995
     
    Details:
    At approximately 11:45 p.m., Agent Santiago was working in a canyon near Lower Otay Reservoir when he and other agents saw a group of about 20 illegal aliens.  The agents identified themselves as Border Patrol and ordered the aliens to stop. The group scattered and the agents followed.  Agent Santiago gave chase along the rim of the canyon, taking a narrow trail that leads to the edge of a cliff. He lost his footing on loose rock and slippery grass and fell approximately 120 feet to his death.
     
    On June 6, 1994, Luis Santiago joined the U.S. Border Patrol as a BPA (Trainee) at the San Diego Sector/Brown Field Station in San Diego, California. After entering on duty, he was sent to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia. On October 18, 1994, he graduated from the 267th Session and returned to San Diego.  Agent Santiago was one week short of taking his ten-month examination.
    
    Gravesite

 
March 29

• Jeff Milton (1861-1947) had a busy 1907 with complaints against him making it to Washington DC.  This March 29, 1907 letter, was signed by approximately 19 people who had come to Milton’s defense concerning him accidentally shooting a man in the foot while trying to break up a dog fight.
• On March 29, 1926, General Order 63, Authority of Immigration and Border Patrol Officer to Enforce Law Other Than The Immigration Laws, was signed.  This general order unquestionably authorized the enforcement of alcohol and narcotic related offenses. 
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Lee L. Bounds
    Date of Birth:                   November 24, 1936
    Entered on Duty:              June 22, 1970
    Title:                                 Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                  March 29, 1974
     
    Details:
    Border Patrol Agent Lee L. Bounds of the Lordsburg Station, El Paso Sector, was killed in a jeep accident on March 29, 1974. He was traveling alone on a road between Animas and Rodeo, New Mexico, southwest of Lordsburg, and ran the jeep off the right shoulder of the road. He lost control when he attempted to steer the vehicle back onto the road and the jeep overturned. Bounds was thrown from the vehicle, which rolled over him before stopping in an upright position, Mr. Bounds’ head was crushed. The jeep, which was equipped with seat belts and roll bar, was damaged extensively.
    
    ​Gravesite
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Robert S. Herrera     
    Border Patrol Agent 
    Yuma Sector
    On March 29, 1994, at approximately 9:30 a.m., Border Patrol Agent Robert S. Herrera responded to an intrusion device that had indicated activity near the Sanchez Canal, west of San Luis, Arizona.  Upon Arrival, Agent Herrera observed a subject who appeared to be a male juvenile swimming to the east bank of the canal.  While watching the subject swim to the other side, BPA Herrera’s attention was caught by a disturbance in the water just to the south of where the first subject was swimming.
     
    Looking to the south, Agent Herrera saw a person’s head break the surface of the water and then go back under. Continuing to watch, Agent Herrera saw the person pop up again, flail the water, and gasp for air before disappearing beneath the surface again.
     
    By the time the individual went under for the third time, Agent Herrera was on the bank of the canal, dropping his leather as he jumped into the water.  In the middle of the canal, Agent Herrera was able to grab and eight-year-old child and bring him safely back to shore where BPA Matthew Sutton pulled him up onto dry land.
     
    Robert Herrera’s actions on the morning of March 29, 1994, were above and beyond what is normally expected of an agent.  He imperiled his own safety by leaping into a polluted canal to save the life of a child.

 
March 30

• On March 30, 1955, famed Chief Patrol Inspector Leonard Gilman (1918-2012) wrote a memo, that included numerous photos, to propose/justify the construction of a border fence in the Brownsville Sub-district.  This is a must read for current and former McAllen/Rio Grande Valley Sector folks.
  • Many times, Agent Gilman is mistakenly given sole credit for saving the day during the hijacking in 1961.  Although Gliman took out the adult hijacker, FBI special agent Francis Crosby (1913-1974) and Second Officer Norman Simmons took out the other hijacker.
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Jarod C. Dittman
    Date of Birth:                      September 9, 1979
    Entered on Duty:                 March 5, 2007
    Title:                                    Border Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                     March 30, 2008
     
    Details:
    Border Patrol Agent Jarod C. Dittman was killed in a single-vehicle accident near Jamul, California in the early morning hours of March 30, 2008.
     
    Agent Dittman was driving from the Brown Field Border Patrol Station to his assigned patrol area, when his service vehicle rolled over, ejecting Agent Dittman from the vehicle. Another Border Patrol agent drove up on the scene and immediately called for emergency assistance. Due to the heavy fog, an airlift helicopter could not respond. Agent Dittman was pronounced dead while enroute to the hospital.
     
    Agent Dittman entered on duty with the U.S. Border Patrol on March 5, 2007, as a member of the 660th session of the Border Patrol Academy.  He was assigned to the Brown Field Station immediately after graduation from the Academy. Prior to joining the Border Patrol, Agent Dittman served in the Pennsylvania National Guard. 
    
    ​Gravesite

This week in the history of the United States Border Patrol, we delve into significant historical developments and acts of heroism. A standout event is the signing of General Order 61 (GO 61) on March 18, 1926, a document crucial in shaping the structure and functions of the Border Patrol. This order not only established the organizational framework but also defined the roles and responsibilities within the USBP, forming the basis for its current operations.

Highlighting the valor within the ranks, we acknowledge the anniversaries of several Newton-Azrak Award recipients. This prestigious award is given for acts of extraordinary bravery and dedication. Among those commemorated are Agent Floyd Southerland III for his courageous rescue in the Rio Grande in 1999, Senior Patrol Agent Theo D. Hudson for his innovative intelligence contributions in 1992, and the team of Agents Carnes, Smith, Cooke, and Hinojosa for their daring rescue in 1994. These agents exemplify the bravery and commitment that define the Border Patrol.

While this week doesn't mark any line of duty deaths, it's a time to reflect on the ongoing commitment and sacrifices made by all USBP agents. Their dedication to safeguarding our borders and enforcing the law underscores the challenging yet vital role they play in national security and public safety.
​
Enjoy and have a great week!

​Cliff
P.S. - As an open and continuous invitation to current and former USBP employees, I am always accepting photos to post in the USBP Photo Galleries and in the Upholding Honor First pages. I sure would appreciate you visiting those pages and sending me anything that you think I could post (just send them to [email protected]). As always, make sure to explore all of the hyperlinks to the documents and pages. Finally, please forward this blog to whomever you think may enjoy it.

March 17

• Today marks a quiet day in USBP history.

 
March 18

• On March 18, 1926, General Order 61 (GO 61) was signed.  It is a foundational and arguably the most influential document in Border Patrol history, for the following reasons:
  • It contains one of the earliest known descriptions of the functions of the Border Patrol (GO 63 expanded on this) - The Border Patrol is an auxiliary branch of the regular Immigration Service.  The Patrol is established primarily to prevent and detect the surreptitious entry of aliens into the United States. It will however, aid in the enforcement of all federal laws designed to safeguard our country against the introduction of contraband. The Patrol will, in general, operate along and in the vicinity of the international and maritime borders of the United States. 
  • It created the hierarchal naming convention of calling a sub-district (modern-day sector) by both a number, and the city in which it was located. It is believed that this document’s concept was also used for stations and is the genesis for El Paso Station being called “Station One” and Laredo Sector calling all of their stations “Base #” to name two.  See the USBP History page, “Why is the El Paso Station called Station One?” section for more information - Each Patrol district will in turn be appropriately divided into subdistricts numbered consecutively, beginning with No. 1 in each district. 
  • It created an organizational framework that is recognizable today.
    • Supervisors (Border Patrol) – This is what we call Chief of the Border Patrol today.  This was a non-uniformed position.
    • Officers in charge of districts – This was an extra title added on to the 11 heads of districts that had Border Patrol employees.  They were not Border Patrol employees but were in their chains of command.  Their official titles were either “District Director” or “Commissioner of Immigration”.
    • Assistant Superintendents, who shall be qualified immigrant inspectors – These were the ranking Border Patrol employees in a district.  There was only one per district.  Remember, a district was comprised of multiple sub-districts, modern-day sectors.  They were also the highest-ranking uniformed position in the USBP.
    • Chief Patrol Inspectors, who shall be qualified immigrant inspectors – They led sub-districts and the title is still used today with “Agent” instead of “Inspector”
    • Senior Patrol Inspectors – This was a supervisory position between the Chief Patrol Inspector and Patrol Inspectors. The position had a one sentence position description (below) until this guidance was issued.  It is also the launching point of the 10-15 positions that exist between the modern-day Border Patrol Agent and Chief Patrol Agent - Senior Patrol Inspectors will perform such duties as may be assigned to them by the respective Chief Patrol Inspectors under whom they serve. 
    • Patrol Inspectors – The heart of the organization - Patrol Inspectors will be expected to familiarize themselves with all federal statutes designed to prevent the unlawful entry of aliens and introduction of contraband. Law violators apprehended, together with any contraband seized by patrol inspectors, will be turned over to the appropriate law enforcement agencies, and proper receipt therefore, on Form 644, secured when delivery is made to other than immigration officers. They will be charged with the proper use and care of all Government equipment entrusted to them.
    • Clerks, and Motor Mechanics – USBP support personnel have been there since the beginning.
  • It created reports that both one and two patch agents may recognize
    • The Daily Report – Form 650
    • Receipts for Persons and Contraband – Form 644.  They evolved to become the I-44 in the 1940’s
    • Weekly Reports – Form 643
    • Monthly Reports
• On March 18, 1942, the Assistant Chief Supervisor of the Border Patrol wrote a letter to the National Park Service request their building designs.  The Border Patrol was going to use them in assisting to design USBP buildings in El Centro, Tucson, El Paso, Alpine, and other unnamed areas.  
  • The position of “Assistant Chief Supervisor of the Border” would evolve to be the Deputy Chief of the Border Patrol.  This document from October 18, 1940, is he earliest document of which I am aware that speaks to the position (coincidentally, the document concerned facilities and the position was held by H.J. Walls then).  By 1950, H.J. Walls would be a Supervising Engineer.
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Floyd Southerland III 
    Border Patrol Agent
    Del Rio Sector
    On March 18, 1999, at approximately 12 noon, Border Patrol Agent Floyd “Buddy” Southerland III and his partner responded to sensor activity three miles up river from the Port of Entry at Del Rio, Texas.  Upon arrival at the location of the sensors, Agent Southerland and his partner observed four subjects on the United States side of the Rio Grande River.  When the four subjects saw the Border Patrol vehicle, three of the four jumped into the river and began to swim to an island in mid-river.  The fourth hesitated, looked at the agents, then jumped.  The fourth man could not swim.
     
    The Rio Grande River flow down river from Amistad Dam is controlled through water release monitored by the International Boundary and Water Commission.  The commission had increased water release from the dam to supplement irrigation needs in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas to a level that brought the river to a very high and swift current.
     
    As Agent Southerland arrived and observed the scene, the fourth man was floundering in the water away from the shore and near the mid-river island.  Agent Southerland shouted to the three men on the island to help their friend, but they refused.  The Rio Grande, due to high water, was a mass of floating debris of cane stalks and other flotsam.  Thinking quickly as he watched the river drag the man down and away from the shore and island, Buddy told his partner to get the spare tire from the government vehicle as he began to remove his gun belt and boots.  Without hesitation and with total disregard for his own safety, Agent Southerland dove into the muddy river to search for the man.  Agent Southerland’s partner cast the spare tire into the river, Agent Southerland used the tire as a floatation device, swam out, located the floundering man, pulled his head out of the water and with monumental effort, brought the man back to the safety of the river bank.  The man was a 29-year-old Mexican national.
     
    Agent Southerland’s act of selfless heroism and life-saving actions of commendable efficiency and skill draw upon his training and experience acquired throughout his career with the U.S. Border Patrol.  He displayed great physical courage, as well as moral courage, to do the right thing. 
     
    This was the second act of heroism that Agent Southerland had been involved in during that Fiscal Year.
     
    In October of 1998, Buddy was cited by the office of the District Attorney, 63rd Judicial District of Texas, for his apprehension and arrest of a man who had kidnapped a teenaged girl, terrorized, and sexually assaulted her.  It was the opinion of the District Attorney that Buddy saved her life by rescuing the girl from the man who was holding this young victim.

 
March 19

• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Theo D. Hudson - nomination memo, 1992 commissioner's awards pamphlet
    Senior Patrol Agent 
    Tucson Sector
    Presented on March 19, 1992, to Senior Border Patrol Agent Theo D, Hudson for his outstanding and innovative contributions to the Intelligence Program in the Tucson Sector of the United States Border Patrol. His innovations have greatly enhanced the law enforcement efforts of this Sector in combatting narcotic and undocumented alien smuggling. During the period April 1, 1990 to March 31, 1991, while assigned to duties as Intelligence Agent, Theo D. Hudson designed and developed a "situation board" for tracking and documenting narcotic and undocumented alien entries into the United States which successfully evaded our apprehension. This system now enables the Tucson Sector to identify the trends, patterns and methods used by smugglers to avoid detection. It has been directly linked to the detection of three (3) major air smuggling routes through southeastern Arizona, the-seizure of numerous tons of marijuana and the apprehension of hundreds of undocumented aliens and their smugglers. Smugglers are now forced to resort to more radical and unconventional methods of smuggling, such as the recently discovered "Cocaine Tunnel" in Douglas, Arizona. Due to the proven value of this system of intelligence gathering in the Tucson Sector, Agent Hudson's system is currently being considered for service wide implementation. 

 
March 20

• On March 20, 1945, the Acting Assistant Commissioner for Alien Control wrote a request for information concerning the inventory of tear gas and other like items at five internment camps.  The Acting Assistant Commissioner was Nicolas Donald Collaer (1896-1977) who began his Immigration Service career in the El Paso District in 1922 and would retire after having been the Chief of the Border Patrol (1948-1950). 
• On March 20, 1953, Chief Patrol Inspector Fletcher Lee Rawls (1897-1989) of the McAllen Sector (now the Rio Grande Valley Sector) submitted a 7-page report concerning “the need construction of boundary fence and observation towers in vicinity of Brownsville, Texas-Matamoros, Mexico to control illegal traffic.”  The document is a “condensed report taken from a 29-page report submitted by Patrol Inspector in Charge Snow.”  The first two paragraphs, written over 70 years ago, appear to remain just as relevant today.
  • The illegal traffic across the practically dry Rio Grande River bed within the area encompassed by the city limits of Brownsville, Texas and the neighboring city of Matamoros, Tamps., Mexico has reached such proportions that the construction of a boundary fence seems to be not only necessary and justified but also almost imperative. I know of no other way to cope with the situation. It is already completely beyond the ability of the presently authorized strength of the Brownsville Border Patrol unit to control, and grows worse steadily.
  • The seriousness of this situation lies not only in the fact that such large numbers of aliens are violating our Immigration laws to the point or making a farce or them, but that this disgraceful situation has become a public spectacle with thousands of out of state visitors from all over the nation witnessing and photographing these brazen mass violations of our laws in open daylight.

• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Christina M. Carnes
    Border Patrol Agent 
    El Paso Sector
    David Hinojosa Jr.
    Border Patrol Agent
    El Paso Sector
    Cheryl R. Smith
    Border Patrol Agent
    El Paso Sector
    Bruce L. Cooke
    Supervisory Border Patrol Agent
    El Paso Sector
    On March 20, 1994, Rose Johnson-Navarro was involved in a one-vehicle accident on Paisano Avenue in El Paso, Texas.  Her vehicle had gone out of control, crashed through a fence and guard rail, and came to rest on its wheels with the front end slanted down towards a deep canal.
     
    Supervisory Border Patrol Agent Bruce L. Cooke, Border Patrol Agents Cheryl Smith, Christina M. Carnes, and David Hinjosa Jr. of the El Paso Border Patrol Station responded to the scene.  The entire front part of the vehicle was engulfed in flames that swept back over the front half of the vehicle.  The inside of the vehicle was completely obscured with smoke.  A bystander informed the agents that no one had escaped from the vehicle.
     
    With the knowledge that someone was still inside the burning vehicle and at great personal risk, the agents attempted to extinguish the fire with a fire extinguisher.  They managed to suppress the fire enough to open the driver side door.  They then entered the burning vehicle and extricated Ms. Johnson, who was injured and unable to escape.
     
    After being carried to a safe distance, Ms. Johnson advised the agents that her two children were still inside the vehicle.
     
    Agents Smith, Carnes, and Hinjosa then returned to the vehicle that was almost fully engulfed in flames and managed to search for the missing children to no avail.  It was later determined that the children had not been in the vehicle.
     
    Agents Cooke, Smith, Carnes, and Hinjosa, at their own personal life risk, saved the life of Rose Johnson-Navarro by exercising unusual courage and bravery. 
    
    HonorFirst note:  Christina M. Carnes and Cheryl R. Smith are the first female Border Patrol Agents to have receive the Newton-Azrak Award.

 
March 21

• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
• Ruben Mendoza - ​photo 
  Border Patrol Agent
  Hebbronville, Texas
  For his heroic actions to save a wounded agent under extreme duress. On March 21, 2013, Agent Ruben Mendoza was involved in a lethal force incident near Hebbronville, Texas. Two agents on roving patrol stopped to assist an individual they initially believed to be a stranded motorist. During the course of the encounter, the agents discovered the motorist was a violent felon, driving a stolen vehicle. When one of the agents attempted to search the subject before arrest, the subject resisted. As the two other agents struggled with the subject, Agent Mendoza moved to a position of tactical advantage and drew his service weapon. The subject gained access to a hidden handgun, and fired at the two agents, wounding one of them. At that time, BPA Mendoza fired several rounds, incapacitating the subject. Agent Mendoza then rendered first aid to the wounded agent. Agent Mendoza’s composure and professionalism under extreme pressure prevented further harm to his colleagues.
  • Border Patrol Agent Pedro Saldivar was the agent wounded during this action.  He was recognized with the Commissioner’s Meritorious Service Award for Valor and the USBP Purple Cross.
    • Agent Saldivar should also have received a USBP Commendation Medal with “V” device.  
  • As per the Texas DPS investigator, Border Patrol Agent Cary Scott saved all three agents by physically engaging the shooter.  His tenacious grappling with the shooter preventing the shooter from delivering accurate fire.  At the time, Agent Scott received no recognition. Cary Scott became the first person whose past acts of unrecognized heroism/valor was recognized under the USBP Honorary Awards.  He received a USBP Commendation Medal with “V” device for extraordinary heroism.  Cary’s action was a major catalyst in the development of the USBP Honorary Awards policy, specifically authorizing past actions to be considered and recognized.

March 22

• On March 22, 1907, George Webb, who was then the supervisor of Jeff Milton (1861-1947) wrote a memo to the Commissioner-General concerning Milton having an accidental discharge while attempting to stop a dog fight resulting in the injury of a person (shot in the foot with a ricocheting round).  Webb defends Milton by stating, “I further state that, if Milton had fired at the dog or man intentionally, the bullet would have penetrated a deadly spot, as he is a "crack shot."  Further, Milton was arrested and Webb writes, “The most damaging evidence submitted against Milton seems to be that of the arresting officer, in which he states that Milton denied having a gun, which is not corroborated by any other witness, and can be accounted for by him being a Mexican, newly appointed to office and desiring a reputation.”
• On March 22, 2005, “The McAllen Border Patrol Sector is renamed the Rio Grande Valley Border Patrol Sector.”
  • From - HONOR FIRST - United States Border Patrol Centennial Timeline 1924-2024 by Joseph Banco

 
March 23

• On March 23, 1935, famed Border Patrol Inspector Charles Askins, Jr. (1907-1999) submitted a 17-page outline “for a course of Instruction (pistol) for future Border Patrol Training Schools.”
  • A photograph (courtesy of the  Border Patrol Museum)  of a Border Patrol training class that was in session December 3, 1934 - March 17, 1935, is used as the birthdate of the USBP Academy.  It remains unclear whether Camp Chigas was used by the El Paso District (Tucson, El Paso, and Big Bend Sub-districts) for training district employees prior to that photo. However, the concept of creating a national academy had been discussed and researched in 1934 (see this document and this document).  Records were not kept that identified the date that Camp Chigas began training all Border Patrol new hires and therefore became the national Academy. Nevertheless, 1936 is the year that documents support that having occurred.

Welcome to this week's edition of "This Week in USBP History," covering March 10th to March 16th. In this installment, we reflect on key historical events such as the significant policy changes of 1937 and the debut of the 1959 U.S. Border Patrol TV series. We pay a special tribute to the seven agents who made the ultimate sacrifice: Miguel J. Maldonado, Anthony L. Oneto, Victor C. Ochoa, Nicholas D. Greenig, David J. Tourscher, Ramon Nevarez, Jr., and Alejandro Flores-Bañuelos. Their bravery and dedication to duty will always be remembered. We also honor the valor of four Newton-Azrak Award recipients, whose heroic actions embody the spirit and commitment of the U.S. Border Patrol. Join us in commemorating these significant moments and the courageous individuals who have shaped our history.

​Enjoy and have a great week!

​Cliff
P.S. - As an open and continuous invitation to current and former USBP employees, I am always accepting photos to post in the USBP Photo Galleries and in the Upholding Honor First pages. I sure would appreciate you visiting those pages and sending me anything that you think I could post (just send them to [email protected]). As always, make sure to explore all of the hyperlinks to the documents and pages. Finally, please forward this blog to whomever you think may enjoy it.

March 10

• With "...the issuance of Border Patrol Circular No. 8, issued by Deputy Commissioner Irving F. Wixon (1884-1962) on March 10, 1937, all Senior Patrol Inspectors and Patrol Inspectors were designated as Immigration Inspectors."
  • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume I by Joseph Banco
• On March 10, 1959, “The U.S. Border Patrol television series, starring Richard Webb as Deputy Chief Don Jagger, begins to air. Thirty-nine episodes would be broadcast, with stories based on actual U.S. Border Patrol events and cases. The popular series later went into syndication, and its sponsor, Amoco, produced Border Patrol Junior Patrol Inspector badges and cap guns, which became popular collector's items.”
  • From - HONOR FIRST - United States Border Patrol Centennial Timeline 1924-2024 by Joseph Banco
• On March 10, 1995, the House Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims, Committee on the Judiciary, held a hearing on border security and more specifically, to address Operation Blockade/Operation Hold the Line in El Paso Sector and Operation Gatekeeper in California. Representative Lamar Smith (R-TX) was the chairman and in his opening remarks, he took the opportunity to acknowledge Chief Reyes and how his vision changed the border enforcement strategy of the INS and drove the drafting of the National Border Patrol Strategy.​
  • From - HONOR FIRST: The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume Three 1975-1999​ by Joseph Banco
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Miguel J. Maldonado
    Date of Birth:                    September 29, 1952
    Entered on Duty:               May 12, 1980
    Title:                                  Senior Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                   March 10, 1997
     
    Details:
    At approximately 11:24 a.m., Senior Patrol Agent Miguel Maldonado of the Port Isabel Station was performing sensor response patrol duties alone in a Service vehicle, traveling on Alton Gloor Road in Brownsville, Texas. An eyewitness stated that Agent Maldonado’s vehicle turned left across the centerline of the road, sliding across the roadway and into the ditch adjacent to the road. It then struck an earthen berm with its passenger side tires and rolled over one complete turn, landing on its wheels. At the time of the accident, Agent Maldonado was driving in an emergency response mode with his vehicle’s emergency lights and siren activated.
     
    Supervisory Patrol Agent Herbert J. Monette of the Brownsville Station was notified of the accident and arrived at the scene soon afterward as EMS personnel were trying to save Agent Maldonado. They then decided to transport Agent Maldonado to Brownsville Medical Center, where emergency room personnel also tried to save him. But about 12:15 p.m., Agent Monette was informed that Agent Maldonado had died from wounds sustained in the accident. The likely cause of the accident was the wet condition of the roadway.
     
    Agent Maldonado began his Border Patrol career with the Laredo Sector. He was reassigned in August 1988 as Senior Border Patrol Agent at the Port Isabel Station under the McAllen Sector, the position he held at the time of his death.
    
    ​Gravesite
• With the success of Operation Rio Grande in the Brownsville area, INS Commissioner Meissner had a press conference on March 10, 1998, with Senator Kay Baily Hutchison (R-TX) in Washington, DC to announce the continuation of the initiative, expansion into McAllen and Laredo, as well as additional manpower,​
  • From - HONOR FIRST: The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume Three 1975-1999​ by Joseph Banco

 
March 11

• On March 11, 1925, the Detroit District Director wrote a memo requesting that Border Patrol Inspectors be “designated special agents of the Prohibition Department”.  Interesting in this memo:
  • Three “Patrol Inspectors in Charge” are mentioned.  That title would be changed to “Chief Patrol Inspector” with the implementation of General Order 61 in 1926.
    • Walter R. Brooks (1880-1954)
    • Ruel E. Davenport (1878-1961)
    • George T. Montague - I could not locate the gravesite of George T. Montague.  However, I did find newspaper articles that showed he was transferred to Baltimore as an Immigrant Inspector in 1927.  He resigned from the Immigration Service approximately two months after that transfer.  In 1929, he was detained and subsequently release for suspicion of bootlegging while he was assigned to Detroit.  Although, I could locate other people with the same name, I could not confirm any of them were this George T. Montague.
  • Also with the implementation of General Order 61, Ruel Davenport, would become one of the first two Chiefs of the Border Patrol.
  • On March 29, 1926, about a year after this memo, General Order 63 would be implemented giving Border Patrol Inspectors and Immigrant Inspectors clear authority to enforce laws other than immigration laws.
• On March 11, 1929, while investigating suspicious activity on Cordova Island, August Steinburn (1893-1952) and Francis Albert Scott (1903-1979) were ambushed and fired upon by Mexican rebel arms and ammunition smugglers protecting a load of ammunition they were crossing into Mexico.329 Even though wounded, Steinburn and Scott returned fire and were able to seek cover until reinforcements could arrive. Both Patrol Inspectors were hospitalized and made full recoveries from their wounds.
  • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume I by Joseph Banco
• On March 11, 1931, a letter requesting information about wearing military and state decorations was written.  This letter is the earliest document concerning the wearing of awards of which I am aware.  However, there are photos of early Border Patrol Inspectors wearing awards as is in this photo (white shirts were first authorized under the jacket in 1928 as per the amendments to General Order 42).
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Anthony L. Oneto
    Date of Birth:                       December 29, 1916
    Entered on Duty:                  October 24, 1940
    Title:                                     Patrol Inspector
    End of Watch:                      March 11, 1947
    
    Details:
    On March 11, 1947, while conducting routine traffic checks near Indio, California, Patrol Inspectors Anthony L. Oneto and John L. Fouquette arrested Carlos Ochoa Romero in the act of hauling four smuggled aliens. The aliens were placed in the back seat of the government car and Ochoa was instructed to drive his car to the Border Patrol Office. After a short time, Ochoa stopped his car, which was being followed by the government car, walked back, said something about his car stalling, pulled a.32 caliber pistol from his pocket, and began firing at the officers. Inspector Oneto was struck four times in the head and died instantly. Patrol Inspector Fouquette was wounded but returned the fire, wounding Ochoa, who escaped in the darkness. In spite of this activity, Inspector Fouquette was able to retain custody of the smuggled aliens until help arrived.
    
    Gravesite
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Adam R. Ruiz
    Supervisory Border Patrol Agent
    Rio Grande Valley Sector
    Supervisory Border Patrol Agent Adam R. Ruiz was recognized for demonstrating unusual courage during an extremely dangerous and stressful situation. On March 11, 2008, while performing his assigned duties on U.S. Highway 281 near San Manuel, Texas, Agent Ruiz encountered a vehicle traveling northbound he suspected of being involved in human trafficking. After initiating a vehicle stop, he observed the vehicle pull over on the shoulder and into the grass off the highway. The driver absconded and the vehicle continued to travel forward and back onto the highway.
     
    While taking immediate action to prevent the vehicle from rolling into the oncoming traffic, Agent Ruiz discovered the brakes were not functioning and maneuvered the vehicle off the northbound lanes, avoiding a major collision with other traffic including a semi-tractor trailer. After finally bringing the vehicle to a stop, he discovered that there were 10 undocumented aliens in the vehicle. With the assistance of Rio Grande Valley CBP air assets, the driver was located.
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Victor C. Ochoa
    Date of Birth:                    March 16, 1947
    Entered on Duty:               June 17, 1978
    Title:                                  Border Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                   March 11, 1983
     
    Details:
    On March 11, 1983, Victor E. Ochoa, a U.S. Border Patrol Agent stationed in the Tucson Sector, Casa Grande Station, was involved in a fatal traffic accident when the van in which he was transporting prisoners collided with a dump truck at the intersection of Ralston and Papago Roads about 22 miles southwest of Maricopa in Pinal County. The accident occurred at approximately 10:45 a.m. He was transported by helicopter to St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona, where he died of multiple head injuries sustained in the accident.
    
    ​Gravesite

 
March 12

• Today marks a quiet day in USBP history. Check back tomorrow for more fascinating insights!

 
March 13

• On March 13, 1931, George Harris (1876-1941), wrote a memo to the Commissioner-General requesting fabric that was used for rank and time-in-service insignia.  This short memo is full of interesting items:
  • Harris held the title of “Director,” which was synonymous with “Chief of the Border Patrol” from 1932-1933. This would mark the second time that Harris was the “Chief of the Border Patrol”.  He is the only person to have been Chief in non-consecutive terms. See the USBP History page, “What were the two Border Districts?” for more information.
  • The insignia are described in General Order 179, the USBP’s second uniform policy.  The silver fabric was for Border Patrol Inspectors and Senior Patrol Inspectors.  The gold fabric was for Chief Patrol Inspectors and Assistant Superintendents.  The stars and 1/4” width fabric were used for time-in-service insignia and the 3/8” width fabric was used for the rank insignia for Senior Patrol Inspectors, Chief Patrol Inspectors and Assistant Superintendents.  See this page for more information on the USBP’s early rank and time-in-service insignia.

 
March 14

• On March 14, 1925, The District Director of the Jacksonville district forwarded a uniform related request to the Commissioner-General from the Patrol Inspector in Charge of the Jacksonville Sub-district. Several things of interest are present in the memo:
  • This document (page 2) conclusively demonstrates that Border Patrol employees were assigned to Florida as early as 1924, starting with three sub-districts (later called sectors in the 1940s): Jacksonville, Tampa, and Miami.
  • This memo was written a mere 3 months after the implementation of the USBP’s first uniform policy, General Order 42.
  • It includes the coolest name of any Border Patrol Inspector or Agent, ever!  Jesse M. Sixkiller (1899-1959)!
• On January 18, 1939, the Central Office (HQ for you newbies) issued a memo to the field to inventory all badges and cap insignia for all positions. All of the field responses have been collected from the National Archive giving the most complete list of badges and cap insignia available for that time.  The Spokane District sent their response on March 14, 1939.
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Nicholas D. Greenig
    Date of Birth:                     February 20, 1978
    Entered on Duty:                December 1, 2002
    Title:                                   Border Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                    March 14, 2006
     
    Details:
    On March 14, 2006, Agent Nicholas Greenig was killed in a vehicle accident on the Tohono O'odham Nation in Pima County, Arizona, when the department vehicle he was riding in struck a bull walking across the highway. He and his partner were working a plainclothes detail when the accident occurred at approximately 8:00 pm.
     
    Agent Greenig had served with the Border Patrol for three years and was assigned to Ajo Station in Tucson Sector. He was raised in Laurel, Montana, where he attended public schools before he transferred to a private high school in Billings. He graduated with honors from Utah Valley State College in Provo and joined the Border Patrol in 2002. Agent Greenig was a graduate of the 535th session of the Border Patrol Academy. He was a senior patrol agent and a member of a special unit that targeted violent criminal organizations, which smuggled people and drugs.
    
    ​Gravesite

 
March 15

• On March 15, 1918, and unknown person wrote a response to the status of the southern border presented by future Chief and Father of the Border Patrol Frank Berkshire (1870-1934) a month earlier.  These two documents represent some of the earliest that would contribute to Berkshire's proposals for creating the U.S. Border Patrol.  Visit this page if you haven’t already - The Father of the Border Patrol.
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Alan W. Marshall
    Border Patrol Agent
    Buffalo Sector
    During the evening shift on March 15, 1992, Border Patrol Agent Alan W. Marshall made a winter water rescue of an alien he was pursuing, who broke through an ice-covered pond.  In trying to reach the man, Agent Marshall was plunged into the same water as the ice gave way beneath him.  Agent Marshall’s strength, endurance, and bravery saved not only himself, but also the alien twice that night.  After having to physically lift the man from the water, Agent Marshall had to force the man to stay on his feet and walk to reach shelter in 17-degree weather.
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Ramon Nevarez, Jr.
    Date of Birth:                     March 27, 1983
    Entered on Duty:                August 15, 2005
    Title:                                   Border Patrol Agent
    End of Watch:                    March 15, 2007
     
    Details:
    On March 15, 2007, Agents Ramon Nevarez and David Tourscher were involved in a single vehicle accident on NM Highway 338 near Cotton City, New Mexico.  At approximately 9:00 p.m., Agent Nevarez succumbed to his injuries at the scene.
     
    Agent Tourscher was flown to a hospital in El Paso, Texas, where he died. Agent Nevarez had served with the Border Patrol for two years.
    
    Burial Details Unknown
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Alejandro Flores-Bañuelos
    Date of Birth:                       November 4, 1985                              
    Entered on Duty:                  March 5, 2009
    Title:                                     Border Patrol Agent 
    End of Watch:                      March 15, 2021
     
    Details: 
    Border Patrol Agent Alejandro Flores-Bañuelos was struck by a vehicle and killed on March 15, 2021.  Agent Flores-Bañuelos had responded to reports of a crash on state Route 86, a four-lane divided highway north of Marina, California.  The traffic accident occurred during a dust storm that caused low visibility in the area.   Flores-Bañuelos was the first to arrive on the scene and began assisting a 75-year-old woman whose vehicle had become disabled in the roadway.  A second northbound vehicle struck Agent Flores-Bañuelos who was transported to Pioneers Memorial Hospital and later succumbed to his injuries.
     
    BPA Flores-Bañuelos started his CBP career on March 5, 2009 and spent his entire Border Patrol career at the Indio, California Border Patrol Station in the El Centro Sector.  Prior to joining the Border Patrol, Agent Flores-Bañuelos honorably served his country in the U.S. Marine Corps.  He was born and raised in Richgrove, California and graduated from McFarland High School in McFarland, California.  He is survived by his wife, his three children and his mother.
     
    Gravesite

 
March 16

• On March 16, 1934, the Chief Patrol Inspector of the El Paso Sub-district, Herbert Horsley (1878-1962)  recommended the adoption on a rough duty uniform to his boss, El Paso District Director Grover Wilmoth (1884-1951).  To my knowledge, this is the earliest document addressing the concept of a rough duty uniform.
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Christopher M. Jacobs
    Detention Enforcement Officer
    Buffalo, New York
    On March 16, 1992, Detention Enforcement Officer Christopher M. Jacobs saved a passenger from a burning vehicle.  He and another officer were escorting a detained alien on the New York State Thruway.  They were at a tollbooth when a vehicle traveling at a high speed plowed into the rear of another vehicle in the booth adjacent to the D & D vehicle.  There was an instantaneous explosion that pushed the vehicle forward about 200 feet, engulfing the car into a fireball.  Officer Jacobs exited his vehicle, obtained a fire extinguisher, and ran to the vehicle.  The driver was able to exit on his own but the passenger was semi-conscious and unable to get out.  Officer Jacobs entered through the driver’s door, ignoring the real danger for himself, and got the passenger out.  He administered first aid until the ambulance arrived.
• Newton-Azrak Award action anniversary
  • Richard L. Ashlaw
    Patrol Agent In Charge
    Swanton Sector
    For his heroic actions and unselfish disregard of his own personal safety to come to the rescue of James Baker, who otherwise had no chance of surviving the New Albion Hotel fire March 16, 1998.  Patrol Agent in Charge Ashlaw’s actions certainly went above and beyond the responsibilities and duties of a Border Patrol Agent.
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • David J. Tourscher
    Date of Birth:                      November 22, 1982
    Entered on Duty:                 June 26, 2006
    Title:                                    Border Patrol Agent (trainee)
    End of Watch:                     March 16, 2007
     
    Details:
    On March 15, 2007, Agents David Tourscher and Ramon Nevarez were involved in a single vehicle accident on NM Highway 338 near Cotton City, New Mexico.
     
    Agent Nevarez succumbed to his injuries at the scene. Agent Tourscher was flown to a hospital in El Paso, Texas, where he died early the following morning.  Agent Tourscher had served with the Border Patrol for nine months.
    
    Burial Details Unknown

March 3

• ...the "Special Mobile Force Operation," ...at first composed of 206 officers and auxiliary personnel was activated March 3, 1955 under a special appropriation provided by Congress.
  • From - HONOR FIRST:  The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume II by Joseph Banco

 
March 4

• On March 4, 1929, “The Immigration Act of 1929 created the first criminal penalties for illegal immigration, including making it a misdemeanor to enter this country illegally, and a felony to reenter after deportation. The Act also made it an offense to gain entry through willfully false or misleading statements. The Immigration Service issued General Order No. 132 on May 3, 1929, clarifying the specific acts and penalties outlined in the new law.”
  • From - HONOR FIRST - United States Border Patrol Centennial Timeline 1924-2024 by Joseph Banco
• On March 4, 1957, William “Bill” Carter wrote a letter to Paul Kester "Bing" Crosby (1910-1965).  Bill was a Border Patrol Inspector that had been on leave for nearly 5 years while serving in the U.S. Air Force.  Bill sought Bing's assistance to resume his career in the USBP as his tenure in the USAF neared its end.  Bing wrote back (in the same attachment above) expressing sorrow that he couldn’t assist other than providing another a better contact.  The letter provides an interesting insight into the USBP and INS of the time:
  • By 1957, the INS had reorganized into 4 regions.
  • Border Patrol Inspectors maxed at GS-8’s with a base pay of $4,970.

 
March 5

• ​On March 5, 1928, H.R. 11755 was introduced which would have had the USBP be a separate agency under the Department of Labor.
• ...the U.S. Border Patrol Flag was the first and only organizational flag officially transferred to the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection upon its standup in March 2003. This was during a ceremony with Chief De La Vina, BCBP Commissioner Bonner, and BICE Director Garcia on March 5, 2003.​
  • From - HONOR FIRST: The Story of the United States Border Patrol - Volume Three 1975-1999​ by Joseph Banco

 
March 6

• Today marks a quiet day in USBP history. Check back tomorrow for more fascinating insights!

 
March 7

• This document describes a March 7, 1928, gunfight that occurred between Border Patrol Inspectors and alcohol smugglers in San Elizardio, Texas.  Intriguingly, Border Patrol Inspector Bogel, author of the initial report, noted that no smugglers were shot or injured, but omitted to mention his own grazing bullet wound to the face.​ Patrol Inspectors involved in the shooting:
  • Patrol Inspector Galitzen N. Bogel (1886-1973)
  • Patrol Inspector Henry W. Busch
• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Philip D. Strobridge
    Date of Birth:                      December 28, 1904
    Entered on Duty:                 October 1, 1930
    Title:                                    Patrol Inspector
    End of Watch:                     March 7, 1933
    
    Details:
    In the early morning hours of March 2, 1933, Patrol Inspectors Philip D. Strobridge and Harold W. Brown were injured when the government automobile in which they were riding left the highway in a fog near Fallbrook, California. The officers, accompanied by Senior Patrol Inspector Irvin J. Curtis of Elsinore, California, had been detailed to Los Angeles to appear before a Federal Grand Jury and to work information relative to smuggling in aircraft.
     
    The three officers left Los Angeles at approximately 11:00 p.m., enroute to Elsinore and then on to Chula Vista. They encountered heavy fog, which hampered the driver's vision and prompted very slow driving. Near Puente, they came upon an accident on the highway in which several persons had been severely injured. The Patrol Inspectors spent about 45 minutes at the scene of the wreck directing traffic to keep the road clear and to prevent further accidents.They were relieved on arrival of Los Angeles County Deputy Sheriffs and resumed their return trip to Elsinore where Inspector Curtis lived.
    
    Reports of the accident revealed the government automobile left the highway on an "S" turn and crashed into a concrete abutment. Patrol Inspector Strobridge suffered a frontal fracture of the skull. He was transported to the U.S. Naval Hospital, San Diego, where he passed away at 1:35 p.m. on March 7, 1933.​
    
    ​Gravesite
• On March 7, 1935, Border Patrol Inspector Charles Askins, Jr. (1907-1999) wrote a memo concerning a national rifle and pistol shooting competition that occurred every August or September at Camp Perry, Ohio.  He further wrote about his progress at developing a course of fire for Border Patrol Inspectors and a handbook, Manual of the Pistol.
  • On a related note, the Border Patrol would form a team and compete at Camp Perry later that year.  "…in its first appearance in the National Pistol Match finished fourth with a score only three points below the three teams tied for first place."  See this document (pg 6).  See the HonorFirst USBP History page for more information on the beginnings of the USBP Pistol Team.
• By the late 1940, discussions of moving the USBP Training School (Academy) away from the Camp Chigas location were occurring. This March 7, 1949 document discusses moving the USBP Training School to Santa Fe, New Mexico.  
  • The document mentions that the USBP Training School’s director, Harlon Carter, helped design the buildings.  By this time, Carter would have been in the USBP only 13 years (since 1936) and had already been the Chief Patrol Inspector of the New Orleans Sub-district (1942-1944).  He would later become the 8th Chief of the Border Patrol (1950-1957), and the first “Chief” to have graduated from the “Academy”.
  • It should be noted, if still standing, the building housing the El Paso Sub-district 2 headquarters and station and, the first national training school (Camp Chigas) would be located in the United States by 10-20 feet. See this page for its current location. However, there is a former U.S. Border Patrol building that is still standing that is located in Mexico. It is the Comisión Internacional de Límites y Aguas building. See this page.

 
March 8

• Line of Duty Death anniversary
  • Christopher Luna
    Date of Birth:                       February 7, 1973                             
    Entered on Duty:                 April 9, 2007
    Title:                                      Border Patrol Agent 
    End of Watch:                      March 8, 2024
    
    Details

Border Patrol Agent Christopher Luna, a member of the 671st Session of the U.S. Border Patrol Academy, joined on April 9, 2007, and was assigned to the Rio Grande Valley Sector's Rio Grande City Station.
Agent Luna was killed in the line of duty on March 8, 2024. He was involved in a tragic accident while on board a National Guard helicopter supporting U.S. Border Patrol operations, which crashed near the U.S./Mexico border.
He is survived by his widow, Esmeralda; children, Sara and Hayden; mother, Josie; father and stepmother, Victor and San Juanita (both retired BPAs); and half-brother, Thad. Agent Luna's commitment and sacrifice are deeply honored by the Border Patrol community.
March 9

• On March 9, 1904, the Governor of Arizona wrote a letter of recommendation for Jeff Milton (1861-1947) to be a Chinese Immigrant Inspector.  The letter gives a brief outline of Milton’s various jobs.
  • As per documents that supported Jeff Milton's retirement in 1932, he was neither a Border Patrol Inspector nor a member of the Border Patrol.  He was a well-known law enforcement officer in the El Paso District, which encompasses modern day Tucson, El Paso and Big Bend Sectors.  Leaders of the newly formed Border Patrol are believed to have used Jeff Milton's rugged independence as a model for new inspectors. This is thought to have led to him mistakenly being considered the first Border Patrol Inspector.